Roth IRA: To convert or not to convert

You may have read that tax-law changes went into effect in January that made everyone eligible for a Roth IRA conversion, regardless of income level or tax filing status.

What’s so special about a Roth IRA?

The assets you are working hard to build now will become tax-free income in retirement. Rather than paying taxes when you withdraw the funds in retirement, you pay taxes on the assets when you invest in a Roth IRA. If you have a traditional IRA or an employer-sponsored retirement plan, you may be wondering if you should convert those savings to a Roth IRA. There is no one definitive answer to that question, but following are a number of reasons why, depending on your personal financial situation, converting an existing retirement plan to a Roth IRA could help you meet your financial goals.

You don’t expect to need all of the funds when you retire. With a Traditional IRA, you must stop contributing and start taking minimum distributions from your account at age 70½. Roth IRAs have no age restrictions: there’s no contribution cutoff, provided income requirements are met, and no rule that you must begin tapping your account at age 70½. Your funds have the potential to grow tax-deferred as long as you want, and you gain greater control over your income in retirement. You can tailor withdrawal amounts to your actual income needs — or eliminate them altogether in any given year.

If you are past age 70½ and would like to quit taking those required minimum distributions, you may still have the option to convert some or all of your IRA into a Roth, allowing those funds to have the potential to grow tax-free for your own needs later in life or for your heirs. Note that you will need to pay taxes on the taxable amount of the IRA at the time of the conversion, so you should review this option carefully with your tax advisor before electing to convert to a Roth IRA. Also, the funds may only be converted after any current year required minimum distributions have been withdrawn.

You want to leave a lasting financial legacy to your heirs. If you won’t need your IRA to fund your retirement income, a Roth IRA can be an effective wealth-planning tool, since heirs can enjoy continued asset growth potential without paying taxes when they withdraw assets. By using a “stretch IRA” strategy, you can extend the tax-deferred growth potential and tax-free income benefits of your Roth IRA across multiple generations. This works by taking advantage of the fact that, while the beneficiaries of your Roth IRA (other than your spouse) will be required to take minimum distributions annually after your death, those distribution amounts will be calculated using a life-expectancy factor based on their own age, not your age. This allows more of the funds to remain in the account longer, continually reaping the benefits of tax-deferred growth potential, and if your beneficiary outlives the account, it can similarly be passed on to the next generation, and so on.

You’re concerned about taxes. You’re aware that diversifying your portfolio by investing in multiple asset classes, including stocks, bonds and cash, can be a way to mitigate risk. The same logic applies to tax diversification: by spreading your retirement assets across different types of accounts provides diversification. A tax-free Roth account combined with a taxable account, like a brokerage account or mutual funds account, and a tax-deferred account, like a 401(k) or traditional IRA, can give you the flexibility to potentially keep taxes low in retirement. This is especially important if you’re concerned about future tax increases or you think that your tax liabilities may be higher in retirement. Converting some of your traditional IRA to a Roth IRA can be an effective strategy that allows you to take income from different sources to potentially keep taxes low in retirement.

You think that you might need some of the money before you retire. If you withdraw funds from a traditional IRA before age 59½, not only will you be taxed on the value of the funds withdrawn, you will also be subject to a 10 percent early-withdrawal penalty unless an exception applies. With a Roth IRA, you can withdraw the original contribution at any time, without penalty. You can even withdraw earnings, but if you do not meet the requirements listed above regarding the length of time held, age and other considerations, you will be taxed on the earnings when you withdraw the funds.

Is a Roth right for you? We have touched on some key benefits of converting to a Roth IRA, but for many individuals a Roth conversion may not be the best strategy. If one or more of the following apply to you, it might be best for you to avoid conversion or to only convert a portion of your retirement account:

• You expect that your tax bracket will be the same, or lower, in retirement.

• You only have a short time frame to take advantage of tax-free compounding before retiring.

• You have projected income needs equal to or greater than the required minimum distributions of the IRA.

Arthur T. Polner is a senior vice president/investment-management consultant/financial adviser at Morgan Stanley Smith Barney in Boulder. He may be reached at 303-545-1817.

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